Explain in detail GQM model. (16) Explain in detail the GE Model. (08) Explain the Boehm model. (08) Explain walkthrough process. (8) Explain the Audit process. (8) Explain in detail the CMM Compatibility of Reviews and audits. (16) Explain in Detail about the Ishikawa’s basic tools in software development (16) Explain the Defect removal Effectiveness. (16) Explain in detail the elements of QMS. (16) Explain in detail the Customer satisfaction surveys / analysis. (16) Discuss in detail about the needs for standards (16) Explain in detail the CMM Model (16) Explain the Boehm model. (8)
What are the views of quality? Explain in Detail the views of quality. (16)
Explain the software inspection process. (16) Explain the Defect Prevention Process. (8) Discuss in detail about the needs for standards (16) Explain the Six Sigma Concepts. (16)
• Many software developers do not collect measures.
• Without measurement it is impossible to determine
whether a process is improving or not.
• Baseline metrics data should be collected from a
large, representative sampling of past software projects.
• Getting this historic project data is very
difficult, if the previous developers did not collect data in an on-going
manner.
• The majority of software developers still do not
measure. The problem is cultural. If we do not measure there is no real way of
determining whether we are improving.
• Software project managers are concerned with more
mundane issues:
– developing meaningful
project estimates
– producing
higher-quality systems
– getting product out
the door on time
• By using measurement to establish a project
baseline, each of these issues becomes more manageable.
As the
software design is completed
– Which user
requirements are most likely to change?
– Which modules in this
system are most error prone?
– How much testing
should be planned for each module?
– How many errors (of
specific types) can I expect when testing commences?
Answers to
these questions can be determined if metrics have been collected and used as a
technical guide.
• Data
collection requires an historical investigation of past projects to
reconstruct required data.
• Metrics
computation can span a broad range of LOC metrics as well as other quality
and project-oriented metrics
• Metrics evaluation
focuses on the underlying reasons for the results obtained and produces a set
of indicators that guide the project or process.
Dr. Edwards Deming emphasized that the key to quality improvement was in the hands of management. Dr. Deming demonstrated that most problems are the result of the system and not of employees. Deming used statistical quality control techniques to identify special and common cause conditions, in which common cause was the result of systematic variability, while special cause was erratic and unpredictable. Deming described the seven deadly diseases of the workplace and fourteen points for management.
Deming made some very good management points that are applicable to what should be done today. However, Deming did not have a management system for implementing his philosophy.
The following are Dr. Deming’s original fourteen points for management:
1. Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service, with the aim to become competitive and to stay in business and to provide jobs.
2. Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new economic age. Western management must awaken to the challenge, must learn their responsibilities, and take on leadership for change.
3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the need for inspection on a mass basis by building quality into the product in the first place.
4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag. Instead, minimize total cost. Move toward a single supplier for any one item, on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust.
5. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service, to improve quality and productivity, and thus constantly decrease costs.
6. Institute training on the job.
7. Institute leadership. The aim of supervision should be to help people and machines and gadgets to do a better job.
8. Drive out fear, so that everyone may work effectively for the company.
9. Break down barriers between departments. People in research, design, sales, and production must work as a team to foresee problems of production and use that may be encountered with the product or service.
10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force asking for zero defects and new levels of productivity.
11a. Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute leadership.
11b. Eliminate management by objective. Eliminate management by numbers, numerical goals. Substitute leadership.
12a. Remove barriers that rob the hourly worker(s) of their right to pride of workmanship.
12b. Remove barriers that rob people in management and in engineering of their right to pride of workmanship.
13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement.
14. Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation. The transformation is everybody’s job.
ISO,1986- The totality of features and characteristics of a productor service that bear on its ability to satisfyspecified or implied needs.
Fruhauf -Quality is when the customer comes back,not the product.
2)Write down the different views of quality?
• The transcendent view
• The product based view
• The value based view
• The manufacturing view
• The user based view
3)Describe the three areas addressed by Mccals model?
• Product operation
• Product revision
• Product transition
4)Define Mccall’s quality criteria
• Usability
• Integrity
• Efficiency
• Correctness
• Reliability
• Maintainability
• Flexibility
• Testability
• Portability
• Reusability
• Interoperability
5)How the quality criteria interrelated?
• Inverse
• Neutral
• Direct
6)Give the conditions that quality metrics should met?
• Be clearly linked to the quality criterion.
• Be sensitive to the different degrees of the criterion.
• Provide objective determination of criterion.
7)Define Structuredness?
Structuredness α Modularity αLines of code
Number of modules
8)What are the two types of metrics?
Predictive Metrics
Descriptive Metrics
9)Give the characteristics of quality of software?
• Quality is not absolute
• Quality is multidimensional.
• Quality is subject to constraints
• Quality is aboutacceptable compromises.
• Quality criteria are not independent.
10)Why software is considered to be problematical?
• Software has no physical existence
• The lack of knowledge of client needs
• The change of client needs.
• The rapid change in hardware and software.
• High expectation of customers
11)what are the seven criteria suggested by watts for a good metric?
• Objectivity
• Reliability
• Validity
• Standardization
• Comparability
• Economy
• Usefulness
12)How the metrics are classified?
• Readability asa measure of usability
• Error prediction as a measure of correctness
• Error detection as a measure of correctness
• MTTF as a measure of reliability
• Complexity as a measure of reliability.
• Complexity as a measure of mainatanability
• Readability of a code as a measure of mainatanability
• Modularity as a measure of maintainability.
• Testability as a measure of maintainability
13)Write downthe limitations of metrics?
• They cannot be validated.
• They are not generally objective.
• Quality is relative.,not an absolute quantity.
• They depend upon a small set of measurable properties.
• The do not measure the complete set of quality criteria.
• The metrics measure more than one criterion.
14)What are theproblem areas associated with implementation of the method?
• The method is different.
• The need for training and retraining.
• The need for effective management.
• The need to measure progress.
• Piciking up errors earlier may cause frustration.
15)write down the gilb’s quality attributes?
• Workability
• Availability
• Adaptability
• Usability
16)Define workability?
Workability is defined as the raw ability of the system to do work.workabilitymay considered in terms of
• Process capacity-
It’s the ability to process transactions within a given unit of time.
• Storage capacity-It’s the ability of the syatem to store things such as information.
• Responsiveness-It’s the measure of the response to single event.
17)Define Availability?
Availability is concerned with the proportion of elapsed time that a system is able to be used.The sub attributes are
• Reliability
• Mainatainability.
• Integrity
18)Define Adaptability?
Adaptabilitymay considered in terms of improvability,extendability,and portability.
• Improvability-the time taken to make minor changes to the system where the term system is taken to include items such as documentation.
• Extendability-It’s the ease of adding new functionality to system.
• Portability-It’s the ease of moving a system from one environment to another.
19)Gilb’sapproach become obselent.State reason.
• Use of a template rather than rigid model.
• Explicit recognition of constraints upon quality.
• Recognition of critical resources
• Use of locally defined measures.
• Close links with the development process.
20)Write down the five methods suggested by waats for measuring quality?
• Simple Scoring.
• Weighted Scoring.
• Phased Weighting factor method.
• The Kepner-Tregoe method.
• The Cologne combination method.
21)Define Methodology?
A methodology may be defined as a frame work for the systematic organization of a collection of methods.
22)Define QMS?
The organizationalstructure,responsibilities,procedures,processesand resources for implementing quality management.
23)Define Quality Control.
A systematic mathod of economically providing products or services that met the
user’s requirements.
24)Define DRE?
DRE=Errors found by an inspection* 100%
Total Errors in the product before Inspection
25)Name the two metrics for DRE?
• Total defect containment Effectiveness(TDCE)
•Phase containment Effecetiveness(PCE)
TDCE=Number of pre release defects
Numberof prerelease defects+number of post release defects
PCE=Number of phase i errors
Number of phase I errors+Number of phase I defects
26)Write down the characteristics of DRE?
•There are only two phases of defect removal.
• The defect removal effectiveness for the two phases is same.
27)What are five factors affecting software quality assurance?
Size of the systemCriticality of the system.The cost of correcting errors.Type of release.Relationship with user.
28)Write down the guidelines for effective leadership?
Trust your subordinates.
Develop your vision.
Keep u cool.
Encourage risk
Be an expert.
Invite dissent.
Simplify.
29)Write down the five effective methods to ensure the failure of software qualityassurance?
Too many technical niceties.
Too much time spent stopping,rather than preventing defects.
Efforts wasted.
Management has a problem with the mathematical kid.
Always complaining about the government,but no one does anything.
30)What is SRS?
The software requirement specification document describescapabilities,states,functionality of all aspects of the system.This include major components,subcomponentsof the software and internal interfaces of the software and may include databases.It also include items specifically required by the user.
31)Write down the principles behind the review process?
• Establishing what reviews are needed by the project.
• What are contents of various review.
• What should be results o f the review.
32)Write down the specification for reviews?
• Formal reviews occur at menaing ful points of the software schedule.
• Include affected groups within organization and customer or end user representatives as appropriate.
• Review materials that the responsible software managers have reviewed and approved.
• Check the commitments,plans and status of the software activities.
• Document the identification of significant issues.
• Address the software project risks.
• Define any refinements in the software development plan
33)Write down the objectives of Management Review Process?
• Making activities progress according to plan
• Changing project direction.
• Identify the need for alternative palnning.
• Maintaining the global control of the project.
34)What are the inputs given to the management review process?
• Statement of objectives
• List of issues to be addressed.
• Current project schedule.
• Report from other reviews.
• Reports of resources assigned to project
• Data on the software elements completed.
35)What are the procedures involved in the management review?
• Planning
• Overview
• Preparation
• Examination.
• Rework
• Exit criteria.
• Management review output.
• Auditability
36)Write down the objective ofTechnical review ?
• Evaluation of a specificsoftware elements.
• Identification of any discrepancies from specification and standards.
·Recommendations after the examination of alternatives.
37) What are inputs given to the technical review processs?
• Statement of objectives.
• Software elements being examined.
• Specifications for the software elements.
• Plans,standards or guidelines against which the software elements are to be examined.
38)Write down the procedures involved in auditing?
• Planning
• Overview
• Preparation
• Examination
• Reporting
39)Writedown the preparations that has to be made by the audit team?
• Understand the organization
• Understand the products and processes.
• Understand the objective audit criteria.
• Prepare for the audit report.
• Detail the audit plan.
40)Write down the contents included in the Auditing plan?
• Project processes to be examined.
• Software required to be examined.
• Reports shall be identified.
• Reports distribution.
• Required follow up activities.
• Requirements.
• Objective audit criteria.
• Audit procedures and checklists.
• Audit personnel.
• Organization involved in the audit.
• Date,time, place,agenda of session.
41)What are the requirements required for the document audit and verification?
• Acquisition of project documentation.
• Analysis of documents.
• Dissemination of information.
42)When the auditing is said to be complete?
• Each element within the scope has been examined.
• Findings have been presented to the auditing organization.
• Response to the draft audit have been received.
• Final findings have been formally presented.
• The audit report has been prepared and submitted.
•All follow-up actions by the auditing organization have been performed.
43)Write down the contents of audit reports?
·Audit Identification
• Scope
• Conclusions.
• Synopsis
• Follow-up.
44)What is Auditing?
An audit provides an objective compliance confiramation of products and processes to certify adherence to standards,guideleines,specifications and procedures.Audits are performed in accordance with documented plans and procedures .The results of the audit are documented and are submitted to the management of the audited organization,to the entity initiating the audit and to any external organiztions identified in the audit plan.
45)What is the purpose of performing Review and auditing?
The purpose of performing review and audits are to ensure that the products meets all client needs and equirementsand to find development anomalies as early and as inexpensively as possible.
46)What are Ishikawa’s seven basic tools for quality control?
• Check sheet
• Pareto diagram
• Histogram
• Scatter diagram
• Run chart
• Control chart
• Cause and effect diagram.
47)What is the purpose of using check sheet?
A check sheet is a paper form with printed items to be checked.Its main purpose is to facilitate gathering dataand to arrange data while collecting it so the data can be easily used later.
48)What is the use of pareto diagram?
A pareto diagram is a frequency chart of bars in descending order.A pareto daiagram can identify the few causes that account for the majority of defects.It indicates which problem can be solved first in eliminating defects and improving the operation.Pareto analysis can be referred to as80-20% principle.
49) What is the purpose of using Histogram?
The histogram is a graphic representation of frequency counts of a sample or a population.the purpose of histogram is to show the distribution characteristics of a parameter.
50) What is the use of scatter diagram?
A scatter diagram vividly portrays the relationship of two interval variables.
51)What is the use of cause and effect diagram?
The cause and effect diagram is also known as fish bone diagram.It shows the relationship between the quality characteristics and factors that affect the characteristics.It identifies all casual factors of a quality characteristics in one chart.
UNIT-1
Part (2 marks)
1. What is quality?
2. Define software quality?
3. What are the views of quality?
4. Give the definitions of quality?
5. What is quality as per ISO?
6. What are the reasons for software becomes problematical?
7. Give the traditional waterfall lifecycle model.
8. What is hierarchical model?
9. Give the schematic hierarchical view of software quality.
10. Mention the two hierarchical models.
11. What are the areas addressed by McCall’s model?
12. Mention the criteria of quality defined by McCall’s model?
13. Draw the GE model.
14. How the quality criteria interrelate?
15. What are software metrics?
16. What are the types of software metrics?
17. What are the seven criteria for good metrics?
18. What makes a good metric?
19. Define MTTF as a measure of reliability
20. What re the problems with metrics?
21. Give the relationship between criteria and measurable properties.
22. What are problems highlighted by Gilb with the implementation of methods?
23. What are the attributes of Gilb’s work?
24. List out the Gilb’s attributes with its sub attribute.
25. Define Workability.
26. Define availability.
27. Define adaptability.
28. Define Usability.
29. Mention the Dickson’s classification of reliability criteria.
30. What is GQM model?
PART-B
1. What are the views of quality? Explain in Detail the views of quality. (16)
2. Explain the hierarchical model of Quality. (16)
3. a) Plain in detail the GE Model. (08)
b) Plain the Boehm model. (08) CS1020 SOFTWARE QUALITY MANAGEMENT
4. Explain how the software quality can be measured and the problems associated
with them. (16)
5. Explain the work of Gilb. (16)
6. Explain in detail GQM model. (16)
Unit-II
Part-A (2 Marks)
1. What are Quality tasks?
2. What is SQA Plan?
3. Define Software quality Assurance (SQA).
4. List out the Teams and Responsibilities.
5. What makes the QA work minimal?
6. What are the factors affecting the SQA effort?
7. List out the seven keys to Leadership.
8. What are the ways of killing the Quality Assurance?
9. What are the Characteristics of Software quality assurance?
10. List out the elements of Documentation.
11. What is SRS?
12. What is SDD?
13. What are the steps in Document Distribution?
14. Draw the Documents Documentation plan worksheet.
15. Give the Reviewing description template.
16. What are action Items?
17. List out the special responsibilities of Technical Review Process.
18. What is software inspection?
19. What is walkthrough?
20. What is audit process?
21. Write short notes on Document verification.
Part-B
1. Explain in detail the Quality tasks and responsibilities. (16)
2. Explain in detail about the Documentation. (16)
3. Explain the Procedural description template and Action items (16)
4. Explain in detail the CMM Compatibility of Reviews and audits. (16)
5. Explain the management review process. (16)
6. Explain the technical review process. (16)
7. Explain the types of reviews. (16)
8. Explain the software inspection process. (16)
9. a) Explain walkthrough process. (8)
b) Explain the Audit process. (8)
10. a) Explain the Document verification and validation. (8)
b) Explain the factors affecting the SQA effort. (8)
Unit- III
Part A (2 Marks)
1. What are the Ishikawa’s basic tools in software development?
2. What is Fish Bone diagram?
3. Draw the Cause and effect diagram of Design Inspection.
4. What are CASE tools?
5. Define error detection efficiency.
6. Define Defect removal efficiency.
7. Define TDCE and PCE
8. What is Defect Injection
9. What are the activities associated with Defect injection and Removal.
10. Write short notes on Defect Prevention process.
11. What are reliability models?
12. What is Rayleigh mole?
13. Define CDF and PDF in Rayleigh model.
14. What are reliability growth models?
15. What are the classes of Reliability Growth models?
